Carbon and Its Compound Class 10 Notes Science Chapter 4

CBSE Class 10 Science Important Chapter “Carbon and its Compound” important topic such as definition, allotropes of carbon, the occurrence of carbon, Carbon covalent bond discussion in this chapter.

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Complete Explanation of Carbon and its compound for Class 10

Carbon is non-metal. The name of carbon is derived from the Latin word ‘Carbo’ which means coal. The amount of carbon present in the atmosphere and the earth’s crust and is very very small.

• It has the highest catenation power.
• It formed a covalent bond.
• The atomic number of carbon is 6.
• Atomic mass of carbon, A = P + N =12
• The valence electron of carbon is 4.
• The valency of carbon is 4.
• Carbon belongs to fourteen groups in the periodic table.
• Structure of carbon = Tetravalent.
• A carbon compound called organic compounds.

Carbon always forms covalent bonds

Carbon atoms can achieve the noble gas electron arrangement only by the sharing of electrons, therefore, carbon always forms covalent bonds.

Carbon is Tetravalent: Carbon is normally tetravalent, meaning it makes four bonds to other atoms.

An example is a methane (CH₄): the tetravalent carbon atom forms a covalent bond with four hydrogen atoms. The carbon atom is also known as tetravalent because it forms 4 covalent bonds.

Self combination property of carbon

The property of self combination of carbon atoms to form long chains is known as catenation.

Occurrence of carbon

Carbon occurs in nature in the ‘free state’ (as an element) as well as in the ‘combined state’ (in the form of compounds with other elements).

1. In Free State: carbon occurs in the natures in the forms of diamond, graphite, and buckminsterfullerene. Another naturally occurring form of carbon called Graphene has been discovered recently. The only small amount of carbon occurs as a free element in the earth’s crust.
2. In the combined state, carbon occurs in nature in the form of compounds such as Carbon dioxide, Carbonates (like limestone, marble, and chalk), Fossil fuels like coal, petroleum, and natural gas.

Allotropes of carbon

The various physical forms in which an element can exist are called allotropes of the elements. The four allotropes of carbon are:

1. Diamond
2. Graphite
3. Buckminsterfullerene
4. Graphene

Diamond  

Diamond is the hardest substance having extraordinary brilliance. If we burn diamonds in oxygen, then only carbon dioxide gas is formed and nothing is left behind. This shows that the diamond is made up of carbon only.

• It is the hardest and strongest allotrope of carbon.
• It is a bad conductor of electricity due to the absence of free electrons.
• It is used in glass cutting and paper cutting. A black diamond is used in mirror cutting.
• The melting point of the diamond is 4726.
• The density of the diamond is 5.3-5.4 g/c m ³.
• The hybridization of the diamond is s p ³.
• The rigid structure of the diamond makes it a very hard substance.
• Diamonds are used for making jewelry.
• Sharp-edged diamonds are used by eye surgeons as a tool to remove the cataract from the eyes with great precision.
• Diamond can be made artificially by subjecting pure carbon to very high temperatures and pressure.

  Graphite

• It is a grayish-black opaque substance. Graphite is lighter than a diamond. When we burn graphite in oxygen, then only carbon dioxide gas is formed and nothing is left behind. This shows that graphite is made up of carbon only.

• It is also called a black lead.
• It is a good conductor of electricity.
• The melting point of graphite is 3527 
• The density of graphite is 2.23 g/c m ³.
• The hybridization of graphite is s p ².
• It is used in pencil lead.
• Graphite is used as a lubricant.
• It is used in a nuclear reactor as a control rod.
• It is used for making carbon electrodes or graphite electrodes in dry cells and electric arcs.

Buckminsterfullerene

 Buckminsterfullerene is an allotrope of carbon-containing clusters of 60 carbon (C₆₀) atoms joined together to form spherical molecules.

• It is also called buckyball/fullerene.
• It is a good conductor of electricity.
• The melting point of buckminsterfullerene is 600
• The hybridization of buckminsterfullerene is s p ².
• It is used in nanotechnology / nano-tubes.
• It is used for drug delivery in human beings.
• Formula of buckminsterfullerene is C ₆₀.
• It is dark solid at room temperature.

Graphene

It is the latest discovered allotrope of carbon.

• Graphene is discovered by Gill.
• It is a good conductor of electricity.
• The hybridization of graphene is s p ².
• The melting point of graphene is 3000
• It is used in making mobile touch screens, LED TV touch, and bulletproof jackets.

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